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英语本科毕业论文样例十一篇

时间:2023-03-01 16:33:25

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英语本科毕业论文

篇1

英语专业本科毕业论文写作有着重要的意义,《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》认为它是考查学生语言能力、独立能力和创新能力的重要参考,“评估学业成绩的一个重要方式”。[1]近年来,虽然有了更多关于英语专业毕业论文写作的研究,内容既涉及微观的选题、摘要、主题句、语言和格式问题,又涉及宏观的现状分析、论文指导体系和评估机制问题。[2][3][4][5][6]然而,却鲜有学者论及网络资源的利用。这不仅与我国高校丰富的中英文电子图书资源和全球几千亿之巨的中英文网页资源明显不协调,[7][8]而且与很多本科学生的实际上网情况和毕业论文对网络资源的严重滥用很不协调。因此,如何在毕业论文写作过程中预防网络抄袭、合理有效地利用日益发达的网络环境和日益丰富的网络资源,是适应信息时展、进一步提高英语专业本科毕业论文质量的急迫需要解决的问题。本文拟探讨如何利用丰富的中英文网络资源,发挥个人网络信息能力,实现毕业论文写作的网络策略,在方便教师论文指导和管理的同时,也方便学生更灵活地运用自己的时间和空间,减少论文写作的工作量,降低论文写作的难度,进而有效地提高毕业论文写作的效率和质量。

一、络写作策略的基本原则

结合学生的经济、社会和文化背景,网络写作策略应该遵循以下原则:(1)资金节约原则。尽量免除不必要的经济压力,充分利用现有的个人电脑、联网手机或者公共电脑的软硬件设施,同时发挥个人的网络和现实人际关系,有效获取所需资源。(2)时间和空间灵活利用原则。网络写作的主要目的之一就是实现随时随地上网就可以写作的构想。(3)语言文化的敏感原则。首先,由于大多数电脑或者手机设备的系统都使用中文软件,因此为了在搜索英文信息时不受中文信息的干扰,需要把网页浏览器的语言环境进行调整,并且把国外搜索引擎的偏好和指令语言都改为英语。其次,英语论文与中文论文有较大的区别,在写作过程中要尽量避免汉语语言文化的负迁移。(4)遵守国家的互联网相关法律法规。

同时,虽然毕业论文的长度、语言、结构、格式和内容都是对本科学生严肃的挑战,但英美国家长期的学术传统和相应网络资源的丰富已经能够在较大程度上解决很多问题。所以在写作过程中学生要对自己的信息需求保持敏感,遵守信息素质原则,在实际行动中贯彻信息获取、评价、整理和合理利用的基本步骤,挖掘并发挥网络资源优势,自主解决论文写作中的诸多问题。

二、毕业论文的网络写作策略

根据网络、网络资源和毕业论文写作过程的特征,网络写作策略的成分包括:硬件环境、软件环境、网络和毕业论文的相关知识、信息处理、写作模板和样本、语言工具、通讯工具、论文修改工具和反抄袭检查。

网络写作的硬件环境由能够进行上网服务的手机和电脑构成。公共网吧和学校的计算机实验中心不存在这方面的问题。但是,如果办理个人手机或者电脑上网业务,就要认真阅读产品说明书,确认自己的手机或者电脑具备所需要的无线或者有线硬件配置;而且,无线服务的覆盖范围要能够满足自己的个人需要。总的来说,近几年的手提电脑和2009年上市的手机终端通常都支持高速无线上网服务。

网络写作的软件环境包括浏览器软件、文档阅读和编辑软件、文档转换软件,以及文档存储服务几个方面。很多电脑上网浏览软件(如Internet Explorer,Google Chrome)都有相应的手机版浏览软件,但更常用的手机浏览器却是Opera,UCWEB和GO。在通过设置正确的上网方式后,手机和电脑就能利用浏览器使用大多数共同资源了。网络上有较多优秀的在线free word processors,不需要在电脑或者手机上安装。使用方便而功能又几乎能与Microsoft Word媲美的当属Google Documents。用户通过联网手机或者电脑在获得免费Gmail账户后即可进入自己的文档空间,创建文件并进行编辑和储存,安全性能较高。其它所涉及的软件主要依据资料的文档类型而定,但通常是.doc,.ppt,.xls文件,这些都能上传到Google Docs打开或编辑;对于.caj,.kdh,.pdf,.省略、搜搜问问)、电子商务(如淘宝网店)、电子图书馆、个人社会关系获取或者传递所需的电子资源。把握所需信息必须了解的程度,适可而止,同时也要明确不同信息的所需类型(网络工具书、普通网络文本、网络图书、电子学术期刊、图片资料、视频资料、音频资料、软件、数据库等),以便于利用搜索引擎的不同功能或者专门搜索引擎进行比较准确的查找,或者便于确定在广域网还是学校电子图书馆查找。信息的评价是指通过阅读所获信息、比较同类资源、查询作者背景、查看网站域名和信息组织方式等,筛选获得的信息。通常,如果信息者没有学术或者高校工作背景,可以查看网站是否属于.edu,.gov.省略网域来作出初步评估。信息的整理是指通过summarizing,synthesizing,paraphrasing,quoting,highlighting和commenting等方式进行处理,利用众多的免费在线软件服务,对过滤后的信息作用进行评价和标识,并通过超链接等方式把它们整合到自己的写作计划中。信息的使用是指合理合法地使用资源,尊重信息者的使用协议,遵循APA,MLA或者CMS等文献使用的学术道德规范。

络写作过程中还有一些标准模板和自动程序可以使用;常用的有论文写作模板和文献引用的自动生成程序。很多美国大学和研究机构都有MLA,APA或者CMS格式的论文写作模板(template)可以下载,写作者只需要在相应版块写入相应内容即可。但选用的时候要注意模板所对应的论文格式印刷版本,以避免信息陈旧问题。而论文文献格式的自动生成程序(bibliography generator)则可以帮助解决复杂的引用规范问题。使得文内引用(in-text citation)、脚注和尾注(footnote and endnote),以及文后的书目制作轻而易举就能完成。在众多的相关程序中,综合性和信度都比较高的是Son of Citation Machine;它包括了主要文献格式和主要文献类型的引用格式,也及时更新了文献格式的版本,是网络写作的可靠资源之一。

论文写作过程中的信息沟通主要是和指导老师的充分交流,和同学的必要交流,以及和虚拟社区相关人士的有限交流。与指导老师交流的目的是为了提高论文整体质量和按时完成毕业论文,可以通过手机或者电脑的电子邮件或者实时通讯软件(communication software)实现;和同学交流主要是为了获取或者交流信息,也可以通过手机或者电脑的电子邮件或者实时通讯软件实现;和虚拟社区相关人士的交流主要是为了在保证信息安全的情况下获取所需信息,主要通过社区群组(groups,communities,forums)和电子邮件来实现。

利用网络写作本科毕业论文可以比较有效地防止网络抄袭行为,包括表层网络抄袭、深层网络抄袭和网络兜售的论文。表层网络抄袭是指抄袭不需要提交用户信息就可以检索到的网页资源,付费的数据库和网络资源不在此列。除了把学生论文的可疑部分或者关键部分的关键词放到通用搜索引擎中搜索以外,还可以使用在线的文献抄袭检测系统(plagiarism checker/detector/scanner)发现这种行为,譬如EVE2和Viper Anti-plagiarism Scanner。深层网络抄袭主要是指抄袭数据库资源。检测这种行为可以分为两种策略:一是关键词搜索:先把论文的可疑部分或者关键部分通过国内外数据库专用搜索引擎进行检索;在检测到抄袭行为的情况下,如果可能,还可以把相应的论文下载到本地计算机,通过文件对比软件(file comparison software)确定抄袭的比率(如弗吉尼亚大学的免费软件WCopyfind);二是购买以数据库为主的反抄袭服务,如CheckForPlagiarism和CNKI英文检测系统。由于学生提交的稿件都是电子文档,指导老师可以较早地把学生的论文上传到在线检测系统,及时阻止网络抄袭行为。随着高等教育的发展,国内的论文作坊也不计其数,英语专业本科论文价格也依据性质的不同而价格各异。通常,他们数据库中的论文价格在300元人民币左右,而“原创性”的论文则需要1000元以上。在一般情况下,通过在本地计算机或者手机上查看文档属性或者高级属性就可以发现问题。如果结合论文写作过程管理(包括对选题、提纲、原始资料及论文稿件版本的审查),论文作弊的成本就会大大增加。通过查看电子文档属性、对比不同的电子文档版本、跟踪学生的论文修改情况,只是简单地点几个键,买方和卖方就会面临很大的信用风险。这些措施可以在相当程度上规避不诚实行为。

三、结语

手机或者电脑网络积聚了丰富的信息资源、提供了发达的通讯功能;英语专业本科毕业论文的网络写作已经具备了比较成熟的条件。论文过程所涉及的选题、提纲撰写、资料收集、稿件写作、问题咨询、指导和管理等环节都可以通过网络软硬件资源来完成。相对于传统的论文写作方法,网络写作策略具有诸多的独特作用。它首先赋予了论文写作更灵活的时间和地点,比较适合当前教学和科研任务繁重的英语教师及四处奔波的大四学生。其次,网络写作策略延伸了论文指导老师的内涵,网络上千千万万的信息提供者都或多或少充当了这个角色,大大减轻了师生双方的压力。再次,老师可以从以往语言或者格式等繁琐问题中抽身出来,更多地从写作过程的简便性、结构的合理性、内容的思想性等方面给学生提供建议,帮助学生自主解决毕业论文写作中的诸多问题。最后,网络写作策略还能够有效利用网络资源阻止泛滥的学术不端行为,培养学术诚信。

但在网络写作策略实施过程中,我们可能遇到的两个常见问题是:(1)由于资金等因素影响,有的优秀网络资源可能不稳定,间歇或者长期不可获取;(2)由于信息太多或者太少而茫然不知所措。对于前者,需要保持比较灵活的资源使用态度,善于寻找替代资源。而资源太多时则要增加限制条件,利用高级搜索功能缩小范围;在资源缺乏时则要减少限制条件或者更改搜索关键词,寻找另外的解决办法。总之,日益丰富的信息存在于不可见的网络上,只要能合理有效地利用网络资源,就可以把毕业论文的网络写作策略发挥好,从而有效提高毕业论文写作的效率和质量。

参考文献:

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[S].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.

[2]穆凤英.英语专业本科生毕业论文的调查与思考[J].徐州师范大学学报,2001.27(4):138-142.

[3]孙文抗.英语专业学士论文写作现状分析[J].外语界,2004,101(3):59-64.

[4]颜静兰,倪薇.英语专业毕业论文规范操作思考[J].外国语言文学,2005,86(4):259-263.

[5]王崇义.加强毕业论文指导,提升学生素质[J].外语教学,2004,25(6):73-76.

[6]陈,薛荣.英语专业本科毕业论文质量监控体系构建与实践[J].重庆科技学院学报,2008.05:204-205.

篇2

[中图分类号]G642 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1671-5918(2016)05-0149-02

一、关于职业道德修养

职业道德指的是从事某种职业的人在履行职业责任过程中必须遵循的操守、准则。职业道德是从业者的一种内在心理意识和信念,是在长期从业的过程中形成的自我约束机制,在行业内起着良好的导向作用。职业道德修养是从业者根据自身的职业特点接受锻炼、教育以及陶冶的提高和完善过程,有他律的一面,但更多的是自律。

一名教师的职业道德修养程度不但关系该教师的教学和科研水平,而且还会在一定程度上直接或间接地影响着学生的思想和行为。同志在北京师范大学建校一百周年时指出,教师应当“志存高远,爱国敬业;为人师表,教书育人;严谨笃学,与时俱进”。同志曾号召,要做“有理想信念、有道德情操、有扎实学识、有仁爱之心”的教师。

英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德修养更多的体现为他们的自律行为。而自律就是他们在结合英语本科毕业论文评估工作特点而进行自我锻炼、自我教育和自我陶冶行为和意识。评价和衡量英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德修养,不能只是凭借几个量化的指标,而是要依靠一些可以触及良心、道德甚至是灵魂深处的正确理念和积极导向。一名具备高尚职业道德的英语本科毕业论文评估人员,其评估毕业论文的行为一定是积极乐观、一丝不苟的,评估结果也一定是真实可靠、公平公正、心安理得和问心无愧的。

二、关于英语本科毕业论文的评估主体

评估英语本科毕业论文通常需要六个步骤,分别是确立评估标准、选聘评估主体、将论文交给评估主体、评估主体进行评估、评估结果反馈、对答辩的评估。在这六个步骤中,除了确立评估标准和选聘评估人员这两个步骤之外,其余步骤均与评估主体密切相关,评估主体的重要作用不言而喻。

评估毕业论文首先要解决的三个问题是“谁来评”、“评什么”和“怎么评”。确定评估主体实际上就是解决了“谁来评”的问题。

对于一个好的评估主体来说,各成员之间的年龄、学历、专业、性别等结构应该是合理的。黄猛和雷银生等人认为,一个好的毕业论文评估主体应该由开题小组、指导教师、评阅老师以及答辩小组构成。

开题小组负责评估选题的价值、研究方法、论证的逻辑,并给出修改和完善的建议。指导教师负责评估论文的技术和非技术含量。评阅教师负责阅读和评价论文定稿。答辩小组负责评估口头答辩。

三、英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德现状

蒋桂芳总结说,当前我国高校教师在职业道德方面存在着这样的一些问题:(1)政治信念不坚定。(2)缺乏敬业精神。(3)不能为人师表。(4)缺乏育人观念。(5)治学不严谨。

作为高校教师队伍中的一个群体,英语本科毕业论文评估主体也存在着蒋桂芳提到的职业道德问题。针对毕业论文评估这一工作,英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德问题还突出地表现在这样的几个方面:(1)不能正确、客观地看待毕业论文,对毕业论文本身的重要性存在错误的认识或认识不到位,不能按时、规范地评估毕业论文,有的时候还会带着情绪开展评估工作。(2)不愿意主动学习、钻研测试及评估领域的重要知识和理论,评估毕业论文时主观性随意性太强,打出的成绩往往经不起同行的推敲,可解释性不强,有的时候甚至无法说服学生。(3)评估主体各成员之间在评估的过程中往往各自为阵,缺乏应有的衔接与沟通,更谈不上有效的团队协作。

四、英语本科毕业论文评估主体的职业道德对评估工作的影响

篇3

2.1The history of British English 3

2.2 The history of American English 4

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6

3.1 Lexical differences 6

3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7

3.1.2 Differences in verb 7

3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7

3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8

3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9

3.1.3 Different use of function words 9

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11

3.2 Syntactical differences 12

3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13

4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17

6. Conclusion 17

Acknowledgements 19

References 19

1.Introduction

There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:

Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.

Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?

Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.

Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm,might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?

Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.

Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?

Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.

Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.

Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]

We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.

2. British English and American English

Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”

2.1 The History of British English

English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.

Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.

(1)Proto-English (the 5th century AD)[2]

The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.

(2)Old English(AD 450—1100)[2]

The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. (form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic)The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings (is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.)who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.

(3)Middle English(AD 1066-1470)[2]

For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.                  

(4)Modern English(1500 up to the present)[2]

Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.

English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.

In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.

2.2 The history of American English

During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.

The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]

   Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.

 

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English

English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.

3.1 Lexical Differences

Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.

3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms

Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6

Some examples:

Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)

Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)

3.1.2 Differences in Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).

3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs

The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.

The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).

Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).

In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.

For example,

A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)

B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)

According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:

They’ve got no pride.

I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.

3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses

Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:

British English:[5]

I've just had lunch

I've already seen that film

Have you finished your homework yet?

American English:[5]

I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.

I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.

Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?

In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.

"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."

"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]

Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".

Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs

The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]

agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).

appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).

cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).

claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.

protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).

write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).

3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.

British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any

children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.

How many brothers do you have? (AmE)

How many brothers have you? (BrE)

You don’t have much room here. (AmE)

You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)

3.1.3 Different use of function words

Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb

Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.

(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.

Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)

Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)

These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)

These dresses are on sale. (AmE)

He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)

He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)

She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4

She lives just around the corner (AmE).

Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.

At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)

Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)

On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)

(2) Omitting preposition[8]2

In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.

The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)

The new term begins September 1. (AmE)

I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)

I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)

In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.

Is he home? (AmE)

Is he at home? (BrE)

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb

In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries,have and go.

No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.

(1)shall

Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:

Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.

Am.E:1)I will tell you later.

2)Shall I drink this now?

2)Should I drink this now?

(2)would[9]2

Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.

However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.

Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.

Try to compare:

Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.

2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.

Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.

2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.

In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:

Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.

2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.

 

Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.

2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.

(3)used to

“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:

1)He used to go there.(notional verb)

Did he use to go there.(notional verb)

2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)

He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)

(4)ought to[9]6

“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:

Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?

Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?

2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that.      2)You shouldn’t have said that.

In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:

1)Did you ought to say that?

2)You didn’t ought to have said that.

(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”

 In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:

One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)

One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]

(1)The omitting of articles

Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:

The swimming pools are open all summer.

I’ll be here all afternoon.

He has been gone all week.

British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,

British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.

However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.

BrE                         AmE

Go into hospital                Go into the hospital

In hospital                   In the hospital

At university                  At the university

Sentences are as follows:

Next day, the rain began. (BrE)

The next day, the rain began. (AmE)

In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)

In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)

(2) The position of articles

British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.

3.2 Syntactical differences

Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.

3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]

The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:

1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.)   (BrE)

2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)

3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)

The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]

Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).

As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.

In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.

In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.

I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)

I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)

I wish I had done it. (AmE)

I wish I would have done it. (BrE)

4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English

Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.

1)Negation

In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:

Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.

Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.

In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)

While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.

Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.

2)The omission of copula in black English

You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.

Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).

These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]

  3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person

there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]

  4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something

This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]

5) Altered syntax in questions

Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]

To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:

(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;

(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;

(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;

(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.

However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English

The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.

On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.

 

6.Conclusion

As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.

The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 周乐, 美式英语与英式英语比较与分析[J]. 湖南商学院外语系,2008.

[2] Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language

[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655

[4] 王振明和公丽艳,英式英语与美式英语的差异[J]. 山东教育学院学报,2002.

[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm

[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses

[7] 孟宪友,英语与美语的差别对比研究[J]. 广州大学外国语学院英语系,2002.

, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.

, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001

, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007

[11]Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences

, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007

[13]张振邦,新编语法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993

, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 

[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357

[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation

篇4

[中图分类号]G642.4 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349(2012)02-0195-02

引言

根据开放教育本科英语(教育方向)教学计划的规定,学员在基本修完本专业规定的必修课和选修课后,进入以撰写毕业论文为主的集中实践环节。教学实践设计环节即毕业论文设计是开放教育本科英语专业教育方向的一个极为重要的环节。在本文中,笔者基于近五年的毕业论文指导实践基础,阐述了开放教育英语本科毕业论文的特点,分析了毕业论文写作中存在的问题和不足之处,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策与建议。

一、开放教育本科英语专业毕业论文的特点

开放教育本科英语教育专业学员所写的毕业论文除了学术性(scholarly)、创新性(original)、规范性(formal)这几个毕业论文的基本特征外,还应体现英语教育的职业性(professional)和过程性。

(一)毕业论文的设计应体现理论联系教育实践原则

所谓“学有所用”,学员毕业论文的选题要结合自己的课堂教学实践,真正解决本人在教学实践中遇到的客观存在的问题。毕业论文指导教师应就“教学行为研究”的基本要求和原则面向全体学员以讲座或课程的形式进行指导。整篇毕业论文至少要体现有四次教学研究记录或教学日记;要有一次课堂教学的录像或录音;要有原始调查问卷,或座谈的录音等,以保证教育教学这一职业性的凸显。

(二)毕业论文的设计应该体现过程性原则

整个毕业论文设计必须经过问题分析、方案设计、项目实施、项目评估和项目报告几个阶段。学员的研究必须针对其课堂中确确实实反映出的问题,方案的设计必须符合要求,实施阶段必须严格监控,保证有一个月的实施时间,指导教师对学生的研究要如实评估,项目报告,亦即论文必须符合论文的写作规范,要体现指导过程。整个设计环节由5个环节组成:

1.项目启动:指导教师可采用集体或分散等指导方式,介绍研究原则和研究方法,布置研究任务;

2.问题分析和方案设计:学员分析自己课堂教学中反映出的问题,设计问题解决方案;

3.项目实施:学员通过课堂教学具体实施方案;

4.项目评估:学员运用评估手段和方法,对项目的事实情况及结果进行评估;

5.项目报告:学员根据论文写作规范,用英文写出正文4000词左右的项目报告,同时提供项目实施过程中的所有原始材料。

在整个论文的写作过程中,项目启动是整个论文写作的理论基础;问题分析和方案设计确定论文研究方向;项目实施是论文实用价值体现的关键环节;项目评估是对论文学术价值的提炼;项目报告是对整个写作痕迹的保留。这五个环节环环相扣,缺一不可,相辅相成,层层递进。

二、撰写开放教育本科英语专业毕业论文存在的问题及其对策

毕业论文写作对于开放教育本科英语专业的学员来说非常具有挑战性,因为除了完成一般毕业论文所要完成的各个环节以外,英语专业的学生还需用英文进行毕业论文的写作。要想顺利完成英语专业毕业论文设计,学员要从论文的选题、时间安排及写作心态三方面同步着手。

(一)选题问题

开放教育学员本身写作水平不高(大多学员学历为中专),面对论文选题往往要么望而却步,要么求大求空,无法驾驭论文写作。要解决毕业论文选题难这个问题,在具体的毕业论文指导实践中,指导教师则需着力推进“两个兼容”原则。该原则有利于学员对自己的教学实践进行反思,并学以致用。

1.原则之一:教学实践和学术研究兼容。由于开放教育本科英语专业的学员大多数是中小学一线教师,有着相当丰富的教学经验,驾驭本专业与自己工作实践联系紧密的论文选题会相对来说容易得多。其次,学员对自己多年来的教学实践进行反思和思考,整理和提炼教学心得,再用于指导自己的教学实践,这样的论文很有实践性和指导性。最后要注意在强调联系教育实践的同时,也不能轻视了毕业论文的规范性,学员通过英文写作锻炼了英文写作技巧,同时也对论文写作的规范要求进行了写作实践。

2.原则之二:个人特长和实际情况兼容。学员进行毕业论文的选题时还要考虑自己的特长、综合知识水平、学术科研能力和客观条件。学员最好选择自身擅长并且有一定兴趣的题目。擅长能表现出学员对该论题有较深的认识思考及一定的实践经验,能降低写作难度,更充分地发挥个人的主观能动性,从而做到素材充实,个人见解深刻,针对性强。指导老师可帮助学生对历年的论文题目进行归类,然后就每一类给出具体实例,让学员亲身体验,和学员共同探讨,寻找自己感兴趣、熟悉或是能驾驭的题目。历年论文题目基本可划分为教学实践经验总结、学生心理研究、学科思想、学生非智力因素等方面。

(二)时间问题

由于开放教育本科英语专业学员大多为成人或在职中小学英语教师,工作负担沉重,家庭生活压力大,在完成工作任务和照顾好家庭之余用于论文写作的时间就非常有限,因此时间的合理安排和使用是毕业论文按期按质完成的重要保障。毕业论文的时间安排表如下:

从上表可以看出,在教学计划中留出用于毕业论文写作的时间本身就非常有限,且由于是安排在最后一个学期,面临毕业,论文已无延期上交的可能性,因学员自身不够重视或工作忙等原因最后只能选择放弃论文答辩的现象屡见不鲜。为改变这一无论是学员还是指导教师都不愿意看到的局面,笔者建议首先学员应当重视毕业论文的写作,毕竟三年所学,毕于所写。学员应当处理好学业与工作的关系,充分、高效地使用业余时间进行论文方案的实施及撰写,对写作过程中的困难要有充分的思想准备,耐得住寂寞,忍得下艰苦。其次,作为指导教师则应确实把握好论文写作的每个环节,运用E-Mail、手机等现代化联系方式,或告知学生可进行双向语音或视频联络的网址(例如雅虎通、QQ、MSN等)充分与学员进行有效沟通,指导到位,引导学员逐段完成论文,渐入佳境。按时间安排逐项完成各项写作任务还有赖于指导教师对学员的阶段性检查,定期检查学生的工作进度和质量。

(三)心态问题

学员积极的写作心态,是毕业论文顺利完成的重要保障。积极心态的创立离不开指导教师的培养和学员自身养成。

1.指导教师要为学员设置成功目标。在长达半年的毕业论文写作过程中,指导教师在学员因为这样或那样的困难导致论文写不下去时,应不厌其烦地进行鼓励。为了使毕业论文顺利完成这一远景目标变得不那么遥不可及,指导教师可以对远景目标进行分解,放在每一个写作阶段,逐一完成,使得远景目标的实现具备较强的可操作性。

2.学员对自己的论文写作应持积极心态。积极心态是一种对任何人、任何情况或任何环境所把持的正确、诚恳而且有建设性,同时也不违背法律、道德和人类权利的思想、行为或反映。积极心态有利于毕业论文的顺利完成。下图是柳州市广播电视大学2005-2011年部分毕业生毕业论文心理状况调查表,可以反映出由于持不同心态的毕业生参加毕业论文写作会产生的不同结果。

柳州市广播电视大学2005-2011年部分毕业生毕业论文心理状况调查表

上表显示的状况是不能令人放心的,这样的心态必然会引发教学、管理等方面的一系列问题。混学、浮学现象严重,缺勤、论文抄袭、拼凑等现象屡禁不绝。这些与上述消极心态有直接的关系。在艰辛的毕业论文创作过程中,学员应抱积极心态,把自己遇到的种种失败看成人生经历的宝贵财富。不论怎样,坚持下来,就是最大的胜利。在近五年的指导毕业论文的实践中,笔者发现具有积极心态的学员写作目标明确,动机强,遇到写作困难时善于动脑筋、想办法,写作进展速度快。而具有消极心态的学员在进行毕业论文的创作时,往往遇难而退;面对种种写作困难采取逃避或是蒙混过关的办法,其结果往往是论文不能按时上交,延期毕业。

三、结束语

综上所述,坚持“两个兼容”原则指导学员选题,合理安排论文撰写时间,帮助学生建立积极的撰写心态,能较好地体现电大开放教育培养“实用性、应用性”人才的办学宗旨,可以在一定程度上消除当前毕业论文写作的尴尬状况。毕业论文是一个极其艰辛的实施过程,只要学员合理安排好论文写作时间,保持积极的写作心态就能顺利完成毕业论文的写作,参加论文答辩,达到个人的学术研究高峰。

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[5]杜祥培,尹跃妮,欧阳中万.提高本科毕业论文(设计)质量的探讨[J].当代教育论坛,2003(9):75-77.

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篇5

一、引言

本科毕业论文是本科人才培养的最后一个重要的综合性实践教学环节,是学生培养计划中不可或缺的一部分。在英语专业教学中,毕业论文的撰写不仅有助于英语专业学生巩固大学四年所学的基本理论、知识和语言技能,而且有利于培养本科生创新思维、独立分析与解决问题的能力以及科研能力等。毕业论文写作不但具有本科教学中其它教学环节所不能替代的实践性和综合性作用,同时也是衡量和检验高校本科教学工作质量的一个重要环节。2012年3月出台的《教育部关于全面提高高等教育质量的若干意见》中,特别强调要“强化育人环节,加强实践教学管理,提高实验、实习实训、实践和毕业设计(论文)质量”。然而,近年来,各高校毕业论文质量普遍下滑,引起了教育界的广泛关注。基于这一现状,笔者以本校英语专业2012级和2013级部分毕业生为研究对象,通过问卷调查和访谈等形式来分析探讨本校英语专业毕业论文存在的问题,并拟提出改进措施,以期为今后毕业论文质量的提高提供一定的参考依据。

二、基于问卷调查的对比研究

1.问卷设计。为了提高问卷调查的有效性,在开展问卷调查之前,笔者所在课题小组成员对我校外语学院2012级论文指导教师(43名)开展访谈,并对指导教师所反映的问题进行了记录。基于前期的理论综述和指导教师反馈,本组成员将问卷调查设计为29个问题,其中前27个问题为选择题,后两个问题为开放式问答。问卷调查的内容涵盖了论文撰写前的准备阶段,论文撰写过程阶段以及论文撰写后的评价阶段存在的主要问题,每个阶段涵盖不同的侧重点。论文撰写前,着重了解学生对于毕业论文的重要性认识,了解学生选题出现的困难以及学生对于论文指导教师的评价。论文撰写过程中,主要侧重于学生论文撰写中的难点,主要存在于论文撰写时间、论文文献查找以及语言组织能力三个方面。论文撰写后,着重了解学生对于论文的答辩管理评价、论文的评定管理评价以及论文的质量管理评价三个方面。

2.问卷实施。本问卷设计完成之后,本课题组5名指导教师首先抽取各自指导论文的2012级学生共计80进行了问卷调查,于答辩结束之后开展了问卷调查的数据收集和整理工作。发下问卷调查80份,回收有效问卷78份。本课题组成员针对问卷调查中出现的问题进行了研讨,并提出了改进措施。具体措施如下:(1)加强学生对于毕业论文重要性的认识;(2)加强指导教师与学生的沟通,将学生的兴趣与教师的研究方向相统一;(3)增加指导教师修改论文次数;(4)适当延长论文撰写时间;(5)提高文献查找能力;(6)加强培养学生的语言组织能力;(7)加强答辩过程的过程管理;(8)规范论文评定标准;(9)加强论文的质量管理。本课题组成员一致在2013级的论文指导工作中坚持这九项措施,在2013级的论文指导工作中严格要求。随后本组成员收集各自指导论文的2013级学生共计80进行了问卷调查,发下问卷调查80份,回收有效问卷80份。随后开展了问卷调查的数据收集和整理工作,分别形成了对照组和实验组。

3.问卷调查结果和讨论;经过两次的问卷调查和统计,本组成员获得了数据,并对此进行数据分析,具体分析如下:

表1和表2收集的是论文撰写前学生准备撰写论文的数据对比。表1数据表明,实验组较对照组对论文的重要性要明显提高,这组数据说明加强论文重要性教育是必要的,只有充分认识到论文撰写的重要性才能调动学生撰写论文的积极性和创造性。表2数据显示出实验组比对照组在选题与教师一研究方向一致性有所提高,这也与本组指导教师在选题阶段与学生加强沟通有直接的关系。说明学生论文选题受指导教师影响较大。学生选题与教师的研究方向一致性的提高,也有利于教师发挥自身专L,利于论文指导工作的展开。

表3至表6收集的是论文撰写过程中的撰写时间,修改次数以及学生存在主要的困难的数据对比。以上数据显示实验组教师修改学生论文次数明显高于实验组,这个结果在另外一项问题(你对你的指导教师是否满意)中也得到数据支持,学生对于教师的论文修改次数的提高有积极的评价。同时实验组比对照组撰写毕业论文时间普遍长1到2周,该数据对比使老师在实验组加强论文指导和监督的结果,同时也是实验组学生重视论文撰写的体现。对于学生论文撰写中出现的困难,表5体现的论文撰写中查找文献途径受限,该数据对比表明实验组的上网查阅文献比例高于对照组,实验组中完全不查阅文献的情况没有出现。反映出本组指导教师在实验组学生中加强文献检索指导,学生网上检索文献的能力有所提高。另外表6中实验组和对照组在论文撰写中,语言组织一直是难点。不少学生习惯用翻译软件组织语言,致使全篇论文中式英语随处可见。该数据说明语言的积累并不是一蹴而就的,学生的语言基础决定了学生的语言组织,与指导教师的指导并无直接关联。

表6至表9收集的为论文撰写后学生对相关的评价数据对比。以上数据表明,实验组比对照组对答辩过程、论文评定和论文质量管理方面的评价明显提高,说明本组指导教师对实验组的论文答辩、评定、管理三方面的改进与优化提高了学生对以上三项的结果评定。因此,规范论文考核、制定科学合理的毕业论文评价和管理体系对于提高毕业论文质量有着积极的意义。

三、结论

通过对我院2012级和2013级毕业论文质量管理分三个阶段进行实证研究和分析,表明提高论文质量必须做到如下几点:一是要加强学生对毕业论文的重视,需要通过各种形式的教育,使学生都能从思想上认识到毕业论文的重要性。二是要充分发挥指导教师的指导作用,合理安排教师的工作量,保障教师的论文指导时间。三是管理层要加强毕业论文过程监控,规范毕业论文评价和管理机制,从制度上保障毕业论文工作的开展。问卷调查法是本研究的主要方法,由于问卷调查样本不够大,被调查者人数有限,一定程度上也影响了本研究的实证研究结果。

参考文献:

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.

[2]穆风英.英语专业本科毕业论文的调查和与思考[J].徐州师范大学学报,2001(4):138-142.

[3]杨宇红.英语专业本科毕业论文的调查和反思[J].苏州科技学院学报(社会科学版),2009(3):108-112.

[4]张奕,王健.构建多维化的英语专业本科毕业论文管理体系[J].中国高教研究,2005(9):71-72.

篇6

一、 应用型本科英语专业的培养目标

在中华人民共和国教育部高教司2012年颁布的《普通高等学校本科专业目录和专业介绍》 有关英语专业建设的规范中提到英语专业的培养目标是:“培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和广博的文化知识并能熟练地运用英语在外事、教育、经贸、文化、科技、军事等部门从事翻译、教学、管理、研究等工作的复合型英语人才。”要求学生具备:“掌握运用专业知识发现、分析、解决问题的综合能力、创造性思维能力和科学研究能力”。在此基础上,应用型本科英语专业重点培养符合经济社会发展对英语专业人才需要的应用型人才,更加强调学生的实践活动,注重其应用能力的培养。

二、 翻译方向教学的特点

翻译是一种认知活动、一种技巧、一种艺术,是一种专业的交流工具。(仲伟合,穆雷)不同于一般英语专业,翻译方向教学具备以下几个特点:

1.重视实践教学。翻译本身就是一个实践过程,因此翻译方向的教学非常重视实践环节。开设的课程紧密围绕翻译理论与实践,结合各领域的专业知识,指导学生在实践中学习、摸索、体会翻译这个复杂的语言转换过程。翻译的技巧要在反复的实践中才能得以掌握。

2.培养双语运用能力。英语翻译涉及到英汉两种语言的应用与转换,不同于普通英语专业主要注重英语语言能力的培养,翻译方向兼顾培养学生中英双语的运用能力。翻译的艺术只有在具备熟练运用双语的条件下才能得以展现。

3.关注跨文化交际意识。翻译是一个跨越不同文化,连接不同文明的交流工具,这就需要学生在实践中提升跨文化交际意识,从文字中感受文化差异,并跨越语言和文化的障碍准确有效地传递信息。

三、 传统翻译类学术论文的普遍问题

从选题上来看,根据多位学者的调查统计,相较于文学或文化领域,英语专业的学生真正选择翻译理论研究方向的相对较少(张春芳,2009),这是因为翻译方向的参考资料相对来说专业度高,抽象难懂,有的研究涉及大量的数据收集和统计,这些都使学生望而却步。从形式上来看,英语专业传统的毕业论文要求学生用全英文进行撰写。这对于翻译这一强调双语运用能力的领域来说无异于“瘸腿跑”。这样的形式使学生在毕业环节中更多的重视了英文表达能力,却忽略了汉语表达能力的锻炼。从效果上来看,目前本科生的论文普遍存在论文东拼西凑,质量不佳,甚至在答辩时还不清楚基本概念,也讲不清所涉及的基本理论的现象。这就是因为学生在撰写论文过程中没有将理论与自己所经历的实践活动相结合,因此对于理论的理解也只停留在了表面文字上。基于以上传统毕业论文形式与应用型本科英语专业翻译方向培养目标间出现的落差,对于传统毕业论文进行改革让毕业论文形式多样化,就显得尤为重要。

四、 论文改革方式

毕业论文,是大学本科教学的最后一个环节,是对整个大学阶段学习的回顾与总结,是学生综合能力的体现。对于英语专业的学生来说,论文写作更是语言的一次综合性的训练,是学习深化与升华的重要过程。它既是学生学习、研究与实践的全面总结,又是对学生综合素质与实践能力的一次全面检验,翻译作为一个实践性很强的专业,毕业论文环节更应该将训练重点放在实践上,并且兼顾中英双语表达能力的训练。切实贯彻教育部高教司提出的“培养学生掌握运用专业知识发现、分析、解决问题的综合能力”这一要求。设计出适合应用型本科人才培养目标和符合学生实际特点的毕业综合训练模式。

参考MTI(英语专业硕士)的毕业环节设计,学生可以采取参与翻译实践并撰写翻译实践报告的方式完成毕业论文。学生在导师指导下选择从未有过译本的中外原文本进行翻译。出于对于学生双语能力训练的考虑,原则上要求学生选择与翻译译文相反的语言进行实践报告的撰写。如:

进行汉译英原文字数不少于5000字汉语的翻译实践,并写出不少于3000字的汉语实践报告;或英译汉原文字数不少于3500英文单词的翻译实践,并写出不少于2000英文单词的实践报告。

所有翻译活动不拘泥于第四年完成,可累计完成。

基本步骤为:

1.学生自主联系客户或寻找符合要求的题材确定翻译内容。通过此环节可以让学生直接与翻译市场接轨,了解行业需求,建立翻译职业服务意识。

2.根据工作量组队或独自在指导教师的指导下完成翻译任务。在应用型本科培养方案中,学生是教学和实践的主体,在此实践活动中充分调动学生的参与积极性,培养其分工合作意识,以及独立思考、分析问题、解决问题的能力。在此过程中教师指导学生如何查阅资料、借助各种翻译辅助工具进行翻译,起到监督、启示、引导的作用。

3.组织校审并在规定时间内提交译文。经过多轮校审学生要严格按照委托方的要求提交译文。

4.对翻译过程中遇到的典型案例进行分类整理。学生完成翻译任务之后要对所经过的整个翻译环节进行系统的回顾,找出其中具有典型意义的案例进行分类总结。不同于学术类传统论文,要求学生从自己的实践作品出发,用自己的实践成果作为素材完成报告。这可以使学生更加细致地思考和整理翻译流程中的具体环节,用审视的角度看待自己的翻译作品。

5.根据所学相关翻译理论知识与技巧对案例进行细致分析。注重引导学生理论与实践相结合,运用理论解决实际工作中遇到的问题。也可以使学生可以对课本上的理论知识有更深层次的理解。

6.提出解决问题的方法和策略。从实践中来再回到实践中去,学生通过对实践活动的总结和思考,提出自己对特定问题的观点,以及针对翻译过程中遇到的问题和困难找出有效的解决方法和应对策略,真正做的有所感悟、有所收获。

论文评价方式为:

翻译实践报告从选题、工作量、结构、案例分析、语言和译文质量等几个方面进行综合考核。翻译部分评分可以参照英语专业八级考试的评分标准,从忠实度和通顺度两方面对学生的翻译作品进行评价。

五、 总结

根据应用型本科的培养目标和翻译方向的教学特点,提出英语专业翻译方向毕业论文改革的方式,即学生参与翻译实践并撰写翻译实践报告的形式,译文语言和实践报告语言兼顾中英双语。使学生在参与完整翻译环节后,对整个实践过程进行反思,充分运用其所学翻译理论技巧、训练双语表达能力、案例综合分析能力和实际解决问题的能力。从而真正实现培养应用型人才的目标。

参考文献:

[1]中华人民共和国教育部高等教育司.《普通高等学校本科专业目录和专业介绍》[M] 北京:高等教育出版社.2012.

[2]贾军红.英语专业本科毕业论文工作改革方案探索[J].宜宾学院学报.2013.

[3]李淑敏,闵悦.应用型本科教学体系初探[J].大家.2011.

[4]穆雷,邹兵等.翻译硕士专业学位论文参考模板探讨[J].学位与研究生教育.2012.

篇7

毕业论文作为本科生在校期间最后一个综合性的实践教学环节,学时最长,学分最大,在本科教学体系中占有十分重要的地位,也是衡量和检验本科专业教学质量的一个重要方面。通过毕业论文教学环节,可以有效加强和巩固学生所学理论知识、实验技能和综合素质,使学生在文献查阅、实验动手能力、独立分析和解决问题能力、创新能力等各方面都得到综合的训练,同时还可以有效培养学生严肃认真、严谨科学的研究和工作作风。因此,毕业论文也被称为学生从学校走向社会的“桥梁”。[1]

 

应用化学作为一门介于理科和工科之间的应用型的学科,在国内多所高校均有开设,并且本科阶段各学校可根据各自的实际情况决定授予理学或工学学士学位。石河子大学应用化学专业于2002年开始本科招生,授予工学学士,其目标是培养应用型的技术人才。本科毕业论文作为实现该目标的一个重要环节,在我校一直非常重视。通常,毕业论文教学环节包括四个方面,论文选题、论文研究、论文评阅和论文答辩,四个环节互为条件、互相促进,只有做好每一个环节,才能产生高质量的优秀论文。但在毕业论文实际开展过程中,还较大程度存在学生认识不到位和教师指导不到位等问题,严重影响了学生本科毕业论文质量。为了有效克服上述问题,关键是要做好毕业论文的各环节的管理,笔者结合本校的毕业论文管理办法及自身在毕业论文教学过程中的体会,就如何强化应用化学专业毕业论文各环节管理提出个人观点。

 

一、毕业论文前的准备工作

 

1.科学上的继承和借鉴、交流和综合,主要通过文献检索来实现。有效地查阅科技文献,可以减少重复劳动,避免走弯路,吸取别人的经验教训。[2] 但实际情况表明,本科生在文献查阅方面的能力是非常欠缺的,仅局限在百度、Google等基本的搜索引擎,而对于专业知识、文献的检索知之甚少;同时缺乏对专业外文文献的阅读能力。针对这种问题,我们在第六学期开设了《专业英语》和在第七学期开设了《信息检索与利用》两门课程。其中,《专业英语》课程,重点讲授常见的有机化合物、无机化合物、高分子化合物等的命名,外文科技文献的组成及书写规则,外文科技文献的阅读技巧等。而《信息检索与利用》课程,则讲授文献检索的传统方法、光盘数据库和网络数据库的检索,重点讲授网络数据库的查询及使用,如中国知网、万方数据库、SciFinder Scholar,Web of Science等。通过这些课程的开设,提高了学生对专业英语文献的阅读能力和文献检索能力,从而使得学生在本科论文的文献查阅、方案设计、论文撰写等方面起到了非常积极的帮助。

 

2.兴趣是最好的老师,要使学生能够全身心的投入本科论文,兴趣和热情是非常重要的一个因素。为了使学生找到自己感兴趣的老师和做感兴趣的课题,我们会在学生选择指导教师之前召开本科论文动员大会,其中重要的一点就是详细介绍我院能带本科论文老师的具体研究方向和研究课题。这样学生可以根据指导老师的研究方向和课题,按自己的兴趣自行选择论文指导教师,确定自己论文的研究内容。同时我们打破了教学系的壁垒,允许学生在全院不同教学系中自由选择指导教师。从近几年的实际结果来看,这种举措是值得肯定的,学生反应较好,论文质量也有明显提高。

 

3.指导教师在学生毕业论文的过程起着非常重要的作用,他对毕业论文重要性的认识程度直接影响着毕业论文质量的高低,因此,对于指导教师的选拔显得尤为重要。一直以来,我院的本科毕业论文指导老师均来自教学科研一线,具有较强的责任心和较高的学术水平,实验员一般不担任指导教师。为了保证指导教师有足够的时间来指导学生开展本科毕业论文工作,学院明确规定了老师所指导学生数不超过8人。同时,为了保证论文的顺利实施,科研项目多、研究生多的教师可多带些,而科研经费较少的老师所带的学生则相应减少。另一方面,为了增强指导教师的责任意识,我院把指导毕业论文的能力和质量作为评价教师的重要指标之一,对毕业论文工作中成绩突出的指导教师予以表彰,对优秀的毕业论文给予资金支持,并发放一定的毕业论文指导绩效津贴。

 

二、毕业论文中的过程管理工作

 

过程管理强调的是全程的整体把握以及对过程关键点的监督,其宗旨是“抓大放小、灵活弹性”。[3] 加强对毕业论文的过程管理工作,使毕业论文制度化和规范化,可有效提高毕业论文的质量。首先,在毕业论文的组织管理方面,我院成立了以教学副院长为首的本科教学指导委员会,教科办、学办、各系协调配合、组织实施。其次,对毕业论文的重点环节,如论文选题、开题、中期检查、答辩等,学院加强监督和督导,确保开题论证到位、教师指导到位、研究过程到位、质量控制到位。以检查促效果,以指导出成绩,以考核出成效。在约束学生对毕业论文时间投入和精力投入的同时,督查指导教师的时间和精力的投入,确保老师认真指导,学生认真完成毕业论文。[4] 同时在各个环节,学校也会组织督导抽查、督促和指导。再次,学院统一印制论文实验记录本,规范开题报告、最终论文等文件的格式,做到论文的统一和规范化。学院还在院内统一协调学生实验仪器、实验场所,以及院内大型表征仪器的使用等,为本科论文的顺利开展提供条件保障和技术支持。

 

三、毕业论文后的评价工作

 

毕业论文是学生离校前的最后一次总结性的、综合性的、独立完成的作业,历时一个学期的辛苦努力,最终的成绩不管对学生还是老师都非常看重的。因此,科学化和规范化的成绩评定体系非常重要。我院的学生论文成绩一般是按照导师给出的成绩、评阅人成绩和答辩成绩按40%、20%和40%的权重确定最终成绩。在各部分的成绩评定时,均给出相应的评定依据和评定标准,尽量保证成绩的公平和公正。另外,为了保证论文的严肃性,杜绝教师个人及相互之间的感情因素,学院还确立了专家复审制度,对于评定为不及格和校级优秀论文进行100%复审,而对于其他的则采取抽查的方式统一进行复审,以规范论文的质量及成绩评定。对于与评定级别不符的论文通过专家组的复审,进行成绩的更改,通报相关指导教师和学生,并作出相应的处罚等。

 

四、 结语

 

篇8

中图分类号:G642.477 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1674-9324(2015)20-0085-02

一、高校英语专业毕业论文困境分析

本科生毕业论文写作是训练和培养本科生科研素质的重要教学实践环节。然而,当前我国许多高校英语专业毕业论文写作存在抄袭现象严重、同质化现象普遍、写作不规范、选题陈旧、立意不清、质量低下等诸多问题。笔者通过广泛地调研和多年的毕业论文指导教学经验,总结出造成毕业论文工作问题重重的原因主要包括以下三个方面:(1)高校本科生毕业论文工作一般都安排在大三下至大四毕业的三个学期开展,学生撰写毕业论文的时间正是用人单位招聘和学生复习考研的高峰期。大多数学生由于不得不投入大量精力用于找工作和复习备考,因此客观上造成他们没有太多精力去顾及毕业论文的选题和写作,对毕业论文质量的重视程度不够。(2)许多高校鲜有专门针对本科生科研素质培养以及指导学生写作专业论文的课程。本科生在进行毕业论文写作时,由于没有经过专业素养的培训和练习,从而缺乏必要的文献检索能力和学术规范意识,在一定程度上也影响了毕业论文质量的提高。(3)学生和毕业论文指导老师的初次接触大多始于大三下学期的毕业论文选题阶段,彼此间在还不够深入、全面了解的情况下就直接进入了论文选题和撰写环节,缺乏了必要的磨合和适应环节,也为后期指导过程中教师无法高效并因材施教地给学生提供论文写作指导埋下隐患。

毕业论文写作教学的重要性和毕业论文现状的不近人意两者间日渐彰显的矛盾张力凸显了当前急需改进英语专业本科毕业论文指导工作的紧迫性。本文倡导将本科生导师制引入至英语专业本科生毕业论文指导当中,让本科生导师兼任论文指导教师的职责,以期为解决当前国内高校英语专业毕业论文指导中的教学困境、提高论文指导成效和提升学生综合科研素质寻找出路。

二、本科生导师制与英专毕业论文指导研究概述

导师制是书院教育的精髓,其核心理念是因材施教和个性化培养,一直以来都是欧美诸多一流大学培养学生的重要教育形式。导师制最早源于14世纪英国牛津大学,被誉为“牛津皇冠上的宝石”。本科生导师制指在本科教育阶段引入导师制,聘请有经验的专业教师在大学四年的教学过程中对学生进行思想引导、专业辅导和心理疏导,从而促使教学与教育结合、教育与管理挂钩,实现教书和育人的有机结合。本科生导师制以促进“人的全面发展”为核心理念,遵循“因材施教”的教育规律,将单纯的教学活动提升到教育的高度,这是开展素质教育的新途径。在本科生导师制的实施过程中,导师需对学生实施教学和思想的教导、学习方法与技巧的引导,并对学生的疑问提供解答。我国自20世纪90年代开始在高等教育本科教学阶段逐渐引入本科生导师制。当时以北京大学、浙江大学为代表的一大批高校曾在部分院系中尝试本科生导师制并由此掀起研究热潮。但是随后由于高校扩招和师生比的不断攀升,本科生导师制渐渐陷入困境,与此相关的研究也停滞不前。笔者通过中国知网在线搜索发现,国内人文科学类别下以“本科生导师制”为主题的学术论文始自2004年至今总数仅16篇。这些研究多是对本科生导师制内涵、推广意义和实施措施的理论性讨论(孟宪军,2004;靖国安,2005;姜晖,2011;周志高,2012),教学实践性研究还十分欠缺。

关于英语专业毕业论文指导的研究现状,目前国内相关文献不仅数量较缺乏,而且该领域研究还存在研究内容比较分散、研究方法较为单一的问题。通过梳理和查阅中国知网、万方、维普等数据库,我们发现现有英语专业毕业论文方面的文献内容涉及的有:关于指导对策(王秋华,2002)、写作方法(翟忠和,2000;宋飞,2001;尤肖南,2004)和引文规范的(钟伟珍、黄国文,1999;刘新民,2001),有针对管理、评估或写作教学具体环节作较深入论述的(李家云,1999;余曼筠,2001;黄小苹,2002;李萍,2003),还有调查现状的研究报告(穆凤英,2001;王崇义,2004;杨宇红,2009;张春芳,2011)。然而针对毕业论文指导的教学环节探究却很少。其中从本科生导师制视角探究毕业论文指导的研究论文更是凤毛麟角,仅2篇(刘洪泉,2005;王娟,2007)。正是在这样的.研究背景下,我们试图在本文中通过教学实践的方式探究本科生导师制在本科生毕业论文指导环节中的应用价值。

三、本科生导师介入下的英专毕业论文指导模式探究

1.模式设计和内容。本科生导师制作p为辅导员和专业课任课教师工作的延伸和拓展,重视师生间的人际互动,体现出对学生的人文关怀,注重挖掘学生独立性和创造性的教育理念,注重对学生实施“个性化培养”,是培养复合型人才的有效途径。在本科生四年的大学生涯里,导师通过跟踪式的指导方式对学生进行学业、生活和思想等方面的引导,密切了教与学之间的关系,体现了对大学生全面发展和终身学习的极大关怀。将本科生导师制融入到英语专业毕业论文指导中,让本科生导师兼任论文指导教师的职责,使得对学生毕业论文的写作指导成为本科生导师四年导师生涯中的一个自然终结环节,对提高论文指导成效和提升学生综合素质有极为重要的实践应用价值。在具体的教学模式实施环节里,我们拟通过本科生导师介入式的英专毕业论文指导实践达到如下教学目标:(1)唤醒学生对毕业论文写作的元认知意识,激发其论文写作的主观能动性;(2)根据学生特长、知识面和发展需求,引导学生将论文选题和自身职业发展相结合,增强其创新意识和自主学习能力;(3)通过分步骤、有侧重的教学实践,加深师生间的交流和互动,保障学生毕业论文写作时间和提高论文的总体质量;(4)通过个性化指导,锻炼和提高学生的学术规范性、创新意识和思辨能力。

2.模式的教学价值。现有本科英语专业毕业论文指导因教学和实践时间过短、学生对科学研究认知不足、论文指导教师和学生间了解不够等诸多弊病的影响,存在优质论文“难产”、学生科研动手能力和创新思辨能力难以得到实质性提高等问题。上述本科生导师参与毕业论文指导的应用模式可为解决上述教学问题提供实践策略,具体表现在以下四个方面:(1)导师能创造机会让学生提早体验科研实践和毕业论文写作,增强其对学术研究的认知并为其毕业论文的写作争取更多的实践时间;(2)导师和学生间的人际互动,保障了导师对学生的全面了解和论文指导的针对性;(3)导师采用个性化培养方式,引导学生将毕业论文选题和其今后职业发展相结合,可增强其创业创新意识和自主学习能力;(4)导师分步骤、有侧重地因材施教,可在保障学生论文质量的同时,加强其学术规范性,提高其创新思维和科研实践能力。进一步概括即为,英语专业学生在本科学习阶段,毕业论文的撰写采用本科生导师制兼任论文指导教师的思路,这是缓解当前毕业论文质量普遍偏低、学生学术意识不强、论文指导教学效率不高等教学瓶颈问题的一剂良药。

四、结语

本科生导师兼任毕业论文指导教学工作可优化师资配置,在保证对学生实行个性化指导提高其论文写作质量的同时,还能因材施教地提升学生的科研素养及他们的创新和思辨能力。笔者认为本科生导师制是近年来高校教书育人工作正在探索实践的一项制度创新,将其应用于英语专业高年级毕业论文教学研究还处于尝试和建构阶段,亟待教学实践的检验和完善。笔者也希望后续能有更多的项目采用问卷调查、教学实践等多元研究方法,运用定性和定量数据,对本科生导师制在毕业论文教学中的应用效果展开综合性研究,推动本领域实践性研究的进一步发展。

参考文献:

[1]姜晖,孙永君.高校英语专业导师制模式构建与探究[J].长春大学学报,2011,(12):155-157.

[2]孟宪军.关于实施本科生导师制之理论探究[J].黑龙江高教研究,2004,(3):68-70.

[3]穆凤英.英语专业本科生毕业论文的调查与思考[J].徐州师范大学学报,2001,(4):138-142.

[4]孙文抗.英语专业学士论文写作现状分析[J].外语界,2004,(3):59-64.

篇9

关键词:应用型本科 毕业论文(设计) 有效实施模式

一、引言

应用型本科是在高等教育大众化的背景下提出的,重在“应用”二字,要求各专业紧密结合地方特色,注重学生实践能力,培养应用型人才。毕业论文(设计)是普通高校本科教育的重要教学环节,旨在培养学生系统、综合地运用所学知识,加强专业实践,增强科学研究能力,提高创新意识,对于以培养应用型人才的应用型本科院校来说更是具有重要意义。本文对应用型本科毕业论文(设计)现存的问题进行了分析,提出了应用型本科毕业论文(设计)的有效实施模式,并探讨了如何有效保障毕业论文(设计)的进行。

二、应用型本科毕业论文(设计)存在的问题

1、指导教师的因素

随着近几年高校的扩招,许多本科院校招生规模不断扩大,同时教学条件和师资力量一时难以跟上,指导老师教学任务十分繁重,或者是从思想上没有对毕业论文(设计)进行重视,因此对毕业论文(设计)投入精力不足。

2、部分学生对毕业论文(设计)的重要性认识不足

毕业一般安排在第八学期,正是学生选择就业,找工作的重要时期。对于学校和学生就业压力巨大的今天,选择理想就业更为重要,即学生的就业与学习矛盾突出。由于毕业设计对学生找工作没有直接影响,故部分学生采取了消极应付的态度,相当程度上影响了毕业论文(设计)的质量。

3、教学资源不充分

随着各高校不断扩招,学生人数不断增加,而教学设备的投入相对滞后,已经不能满足教学的需要。学生在查阅文献资料等方面得不到满足,客观上形成了毕业论文(设计)工作的瓶颈。大学城一般远离城区,尤其像我们安徽三联学院,由于远离市中心,教师去学校的次数较少,导致学生难以及时与老师见面,指导时间难以得到保障。

4、管理保障缺乏力度

尽管目前大部分学校都有针对毕业设计指定的规章制度和条例,但在执行中不严格,不规范,学校缺乏对毕业设计全过程的有效监控,缺乏对教师真正有效的监督机制和奖惩措施,在评阅和答辩过程中,老师有时为了不影响学生就业,出现了对学生放松要求,流于形式,对一些不符合要求的毕业设计往往采取迁就,宽容的态度。

三、毕业论文(设计)的有效实施模式

应用型本科毕业论文(设计)的实施模式分为确定选题、制定任务书、开展开题报告、进行中期检查、评阅和答辩和工作总结6个方面。具体如下:

1、确定选题

(1)毕业论文(设计)指导教师申报研究题目及研究内容;

(2)毕业论文指导小组审阅研究题目及研究内容;

(3)公布毕业论文(设计)选题和指导老师;

(4)召开双向选择会,确定师生的对应关系,确定学生选题。

2、制定任务书

任务书应该由指导老师和学生共同完成。主要包括论文(设计)的主要任务及目标,论文(设计)的主要内容,论文(设计)的基本要求,主要参考文献和进度安排等。

3、开展开题报告

开题报告由学生完成,分别由指导老师和论文(设计)指导小组审阅,内容主要包括论题的意义及研究状况,主要内容、研究方法和思路,查阅过的文献资料及调研情况,总体安排和进度(包括阶段性工作内容及完成日期)。

4、进行中期检查

中期检查由学生汇报,由指导老师和毕业论文(设计)指导小组检查。主要包括工作进度,遇到的问题,下一步的工作方法和思路等等。

5、评阅和答辩

由评阅,PPT演示和答辩三个部分组成。论文由指导老师和毕业论文(设计)指导小组评阅;PPT演示由学生进行演示;答辩由答辩小组进行答辩。毕业论文(设计)成绩采用五级记分制即优秀,良好,中等,及格,不及格。指导老师初步评定成绩,写出评语,经答辩后由答辩小组或毕业论文(设计)指导小组审定成绩。

6、工作总结

包括两个方面,一是指导老师对毕业论文(设计)的过程及论文撰写的要点进行总结,然后选择成绩优秀的同学在课堂上演示,以激励其他同学;二是进行毕业论文(设计)工作的总结,完成毕业论文(设计)资料归档。

四、毕业论文(设计)的有效保障

要使毕业论文(设计)模式有效实施,毕业论文(设计)工作有序进行,还需要相应的保障条件。笔者认为以下四个方面是必不可少的。

1、制度和质量管理

包括两个方面,一是加强制度建设,通过相应的管理文件,对毕业论文(设计)的选题,指导教师的职责,答辩成绩的评定等环节规范化,统一毕业论文(设计)格式要求;二是强化过程管理,构建毕业论文(设计)质量监控体系,成立学校、二级学院(系)和教研室三级机构,对毕业论文(设计)的各个环节的执行进行检查,实行全过程,全方位的质量监控。

2、强化指导老师能力

包括两个方面,一是指导老师本身要严格按照管理文件规定履行职务。包括文献(资料)检索方法的培训和指导、毕业论文撰写的培训和指导、毕业答辩的培训和指导等。二是学校要加强教师能力的培养,鼓励教师参加科研和实践活动,不断增强毕业论文(设计)的指导水平。

3、改变学生观点

一方面要改变学生对毕业论文(设计)不重视或认识不够的意识。通过毕业论文(设计)加强对学生实践能力,创新能力和应用型能力的培养。另一方面毕业论文(设计)要做到早布置,早准备。在上届学生的答辩的时候,组织学生去听答辩,再者是让优秀学生给下届学生讲写毕业论文(设计)的过程和体会。

4、论文所需经费

给予毕业论文(设计)一定的经费。这包括指导老师指导学生的课酬,毕业论文(设计)复印等各项工作的支出。除了学校担负一部分经费外,还可以争取企业,事业和政府的经费支持。

五、结论

本科毕业论文(设计)工作是培养学生运用所学的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能分析解决实际问题能力、独立工作能力、增强创新意识的重要途径。对于以培养应用型人才的应用型本科院校来说更是具有重要意义。本文针对毕业论文(设计)现存的问题进行分析,提出了应用型本科毕业论文(设计)的有效实施模式,即确定选题,制定任务书,开展开题报告,进行中期检查,评阅和答辩以及工作总结六个方面。同时从制度和质量管理、强化指导老师能力、改变学生认识、论文所需经费四个方面探讨了如何有效保障论文(设计)的进行。

基金项目:安徽三联学院2011年度院级科研基金项目。项目编号:20110024。

参考文献:

[1]陆富彬.对教学应用型高校本科生毕业论文工作的思考[J].高教研究文教资料,2006,(10):59,60.

篇10

1对象与方法

 

1.1调查对象

 

选择2011年9月-2012年4月在4所二级甲等以上医院实习的本科生52人作为调查对象。纳入标准:(1)在医学院校学习医学知识3年或者4年,最后一年在临床实习中需撰写毕业论文的本科生;(2)被调查时正在从事医学院校临床实习;(3)愿意参与本项调查。其中男2人,女50人;年龄22-25(23.2±0.8)岁。专业:护理专业33人,占63.5%,其他专业19人,占36.5%。实习医院等级:三级医院42人,占80.1%,二级医院10人,占19.2%。

 

1.2方法:采用问卷调查法

 

1.2.1通过参考有关文献及与本科生座谈资料自行设计问卷。问卷包括四个部分:①本科生的一般资料,包括年龄、性别、专业及实习医院。②学生所属院校在毕业论文撰写方面所做工作、实际效果与学生对学校的期盼。③实习医院对毕业生论文撰写的影响以及实习生对医院的期盼。④学生对撰写论文的认识以及实际撰写论文的能力。问题以单项选择题为主,多选题2题,有专门标注。

 

1.2.2由调查者向被调查者说明调查的目的,并逐条讲解调查内容,让他们在充分理解后根据自身实际情况自行填写,填写完毕后调查者逐项检查,确认没有遗漏后回收。共发放调查问卷52份,回收52份,有效问卷52份,有效回收率100%。

 

1.2.3统计学方法

 

调查所得资料用MicrosoftExcel软件建立数据库,进行统计描述。

 

2结果与讨论

 

通过本次调查得知,影响医学院校临床实习本科生毕业论文撰写的因素归纳起来有三个方面:

 

2.1学校方面本次调查显示:①82.7%的医学院校虽然开设了论文撰写方面的课程,但有63.5%的学生认为院校开设的此类课程少。②在实用性方面,有65.4%的学生认为这些课程对实际论文撰写的帮助不大,只是知道了论文的撰写格式。③只有7.7%的学生掌握了数据资料收集、统计分析方面的知识。因此,学生希望学校做如下改进工作:①学校在优化课程设置的基础上,建议提高教师授课技巧。如在学习统计学课程时,老师应侧重实际应用方面的讲解,教会学生不同的数据资料该用哪种相对应的统计方法?具体意义是什么?②在撰写论文实际需要的能力方面,学校应该加强对学生论文选题的指导,以纠正在以往毕业论文中存在的选题过大、查新不准、设计不够科学等问题[2]。③笔者建议学校安排学生参加论文撰写讲座和模拟演练。

 

2.2实习医院方面

 

2.2.1指导老师本次调查表2显示:①86.6%认为医院非常有必要为实习生提供论文指导老师。②80.8%表示需在老师的指导下才能完成毕业论文的撰写,这说明了医院提供论文指导老师对实习生毕业论文撰写的重要性,这与某些文章的见解相一致[3]。

 

2.2.2实习科室的合理安排调查显示:①73.1%的学生认为进入临床实习初期即要求学生确定论文题目感到迷茫。②82.7%认为医院实习科室的安排对论文定题有影响。笔者认为这可能是学校纯理论性教育与临床实践有一定的差距所致,实习医院可以在统一安排科室轮转的基础上增加一点学生的自主性。比如在接近论文选题那段时间,通过让实习生自主选择感兴趣的科室进行2-4周的专科实习,配合临床论文指导老师的指导,进一步熟悉该专科,了解本专科的国内外发展动态,增加学生毕业论文撰写的兴趣,以明确毕业论文撰写的方向。另外,还可以安排学生参加实习医院举办的论文撰写相关讲座、论文汇报会和科研课题开题报告会等,甚至可以安排学生参加实习医院部分科研工作。

 

2.3学生个人方面调查显示:①只有26.9%对撰写论文感兴趣。②53.8%觉得撰写论文非常难,30.8%不知道论文的选题,觉得无从下手。③有40.4%的本科生不知道如何进行数据资料的收集与统计分析。笔者建议:学生在大学三年级起可以梳理并确定自己感兴趣的专科,着重了解和掌握该专科的国内外发展动态,以便为最后一年临床实习毕业论文定题做好充分的准备。最后,学生进入临床实习早期就应勤观察、勤思考,理论联系实际,以便早日选好、选对论文题目;并充分利用实习医院现有的资源,例如临床指导老师、医院的图书馆等,要积极主动与论文指导老师沟通、交流,得到老师的指导,使大家不再感到撰写论文是件非常困难的事情。

 

3小结

 

篇11

1对象与方法

1.1调查对象

选择2011年9月-2012年4月在4所二级甲等以上医院实习的本科生52人作为调查对象。纳入标准:(1)在医学院校学习医学知识3年或者4年,最后一年在临床实习中需撰写毕业论文的本科生;(2)被调查时正在从事医学院校临床实习;(3)愿意参与本项调查。其中男2人,女50人;年龄22-25(23.2±0.8)岁。专业:护理专业33人,占63.5%,其他专业19人,占36.5%。实习医院等级:三级医院42人,占80.1%,二级医院10人,占19.2%。

1.2方法:采用问卷调查法

1.2.1通过参考有关文献及与本科生座谈资料自行设计问卷。问卷包括四个部分:①本科生的一般资料,包括年龄、性别、专业及实习医院。②学生所属院校在毕业论文撰写方面所做工作、实际效果与学生对学校的期盼。③实习医院对毕业生论文撰写的影响以及实习生对医院的期盼。④学生对撰写论文的认识以及实际撰写论文的能力。问题以单项选择题为主,多选题2题,有专门标注。

1.2.2由调查者向被调查者说明调查的目的,并逐条讲解调查内容,让他们在充分理解后根据自身实际情况自行填写,填写完毕后调查者逐项检查,确认没有遗漏后回收。共发放调查问卷52份,回收52份,有效问卷52份,有效回收率100%。

1.2.3统计学方法

调查所得资料用MicrosoftExcel软件建立数据库,进行统计描述。

2结果与讨论

通过本次调查得知,影响医学院校临床实习本科生毕业论文撰写的因素归纳起来有三个方面:

2.1学校方面本次调查显示:①82.7%的医学院校虽然开设了论文撰写方面的课程,但有63.5%的学生认为院校开设的此类课程少。②在实用性方面,有65.4%的学生认为这些课程对实际论文撰写的帮助不大,只是知道了论文的撰写格式。③只有7.7%的学生掌握了数据资料收集、统计分析方面的知识。因此,学生希望学校做如下改进工作:①学校在优化课程设置的基础上,建议提高教师授课技巧。如在学习统计学课程时,老师应侧重实际应用方面的讲解,教会学生不同的数据资料该用哪种相对应的统计方法?具体意义是什么?②在撰写论文实际需要的能力方面,学校应该加强对学生论文选题的指导,以纠正在以往毕业论文中存在的选题过大、查新不准、设计不够科学等问题[2]。③笔者建议学校安排学生参加论文撰写讲座和模拟演练。

2.2实习医院方面

2.2.1指导老师本次调查表2显示:①86.6%认为医院非常有必要为实习生提供论文指导老师。②80.8%表示需在老师的指导下才能完成毕业论文的撰写,这说明了医院提供论文指导老师对实习生毕业论文撰写的重要性,这与某些文章的见解相一致[3]。

2.2.2实习科室的合理安排调查显示:①73.1%的学生认为进入临床实习初期即要求学生确定论文题目感到迷茫。②82.7%认为医院实习科室的安排对论文定题有影响。笔者认为这可能是学校纯理论性教育与临床实践有一定的差距所致,实习医院可以在统一安排科室轮转的基础上增加一点学生的自主性。比如在接近论文选题那段时间,通过让实习生自主选择感兴趣的科室进行2-4周的专科实习,配合临床论文指导老师的指导,进一步熟悉该专科,了解本专科的国内外发展动态,增加学生毕业论文撰写的兴趣,以明确毕业论文撰写的方向。另外,还可以安排学生参加实习医院举办的论文撰写相关讲座、论文汇报会和科研课题开题报告会等,甚至可以安排学生参加实习医院部分科研工作。

2.3学生个人方面调查显示:①只有26.9%对撰写论文感兴趣。②53.8%觉得撰写论文非常难,30.8%不知道论文的选题,觉得无从下手。③有40.4%的本科生不知道如何进行数据资料的收集与统计分析。笔者建议:学生在大学三年级起可以梳理并确定自己感兴趣的专科,着重了解和掌握该专科的国内外发展动态,以便为最后一年临床实习毕业论文定题做好充分的准备。最后,学生进入临床实习早期就应勤观察、勤思考,理论联系实际,以便早日选好、选对论文题目;并充分利用实习医院现有的资源,例如临床指导老师、医院的图书馆等,要积极主动与论文指导老师沟通、交流,得到老师的指导,使大家不再感到撰写论文是件非常困难的事情。

3小结

通过对52例医学院校临床实习本科生毕业论文撰写影响因素的调查,发现医学院校临床实习本科生在毕业论文撰写上,学校、实习医院、学生个人还有很多工作需要改进,实习医院、学校应该为临床实习本科生毕业论文撰写提供更多的帮助,如实习医院可以允许学生自选专科实习2-4周来完成毕业论文的撰写;学生个人应该以更加积极主动的态度努力提高与撰写论文有关的各种能力,如思维能力、创新意识和科研能力等。

参考文献